Security Testing

Section 1: Introduction to the Security Industry
Section 2: The Private Security and Investigative Services Act and Ministry Code of Conduct
Section 3: Basic Security Procedures
Section 4: Report Writing
Section 5: Health and Safety
Section 6: Emergency Response Preparation
Section 7: Canadian Legal System
Section 8: Legal Authorities
Section 9: Effective Communications
Section 10: Sensitivity Training
Section 11: Use of Force Theory
Section 12: Emergency Level First Aid

Private Investigator Testing

Section 1: Introduction to the Private Investigation Industry
Section 2: The Private Security and Investigative Services Act
Section 3: Provincial and Federal Statutes
Section 4: Criminal and Civil Law
Section 5: Investigative Techniques
Section 6: Principles of Ethical Reasoning/Decision-Making
Section 7: Key Principles of Communication and Interaction
Section 8: Self-Management Skills

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Introduction to the Security Industry

Section Overview
The trainer provides a summary of the principal duties and responsibilities necessary to work effectively in the security industry. Students will learn to interpret and comply with the legal requirements of their occupation as well as identify job roles and responsibilities.

Minimum Requirements
- Describe and compare the different jobs in the security industry (e.g. private investigation, law enforcement, security services, loss prevention, and patrol services)
- Describe the occupation of a security guard with respect to the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform well
- Describe the job specifications, activities, and demands of a security guard (e.g. travel, off-hours, stress, risks, dangers, etc.)

Outline
The trainer provides the student with a background on the security industry including the changes in the industry as a result of the new Private Security and Investigative Services Act, 2005. S/he introduces the student to the challenges and benefits of becoming a security guard. The role of a security guard with respect to the public should be discussed.





The Private Security and Investigative Services Act and Ministry Code of Conduct

Section Overview
The Private Security and Investigative Services Act, 2005 (PSISA) regulates the security industry. As such, security guards must be familiar with the PSISA to ensure they follow the regulations and prohibitions including the Code of Conduct. The trainer introduces the legislation to the student by outlining all relevant components and explaining the Code of Conduct.

Minimum Requirements
1. Private Security and Investigative Services Act, 2005 (PSISA)
-- Explain an individual's responsibility regarding licensing, including the licensing process and mandatory requirements
-- Describe the general duties, standards, practices, regulations and prohibitions
-- Explain the requirement to produce a licence
2. Code of Conduct
-- Explain the relevant components and the consequences of failing to comply
-- Define complaint procedures





Basic Security Procedures

Section Overview
Security guards need to respond to changes in their environment, which includes actions such as traffic movement, ensuring the safety of persons between and within locations, monitoring and managing the access and departure of persons and vehicles and observing and monitoring people. Security guards need to be aware of the correct way to deal with these situations. The trainer provides his/her students with the knowledge and skills to assess the security of physical environments, to apply basic aspects of security in their roles and to assess the impact of drug use in the context of safety for oneself and others.
Minimum Requirements
1. Describe and explain surveillance and address the following surveillance techniques:
- Observing the physical environment
- Attending to environmental details
- Situational awareness
2. Describe the basic elements of security and include the following:
- Access control
- Crowd control
- Vehicle control and legal authority to perform traffic control duties
- Shift handover
3. Discuss drug effects, substance abuse and related drug paraphernalia
- Relate signs of substance abuse and withdrawal including physical and psychological consequences

Note: There are three components in this section: Surveillance, Basic Elements of Security and Drug Effects.

Surveillance
Outline
Security guards will be called upon to observe the physical environment for changes and suspicious behaviour. This objective is typically achieved by conducting an in-person or remote surveillance of the physical environment. Security guards are expected to notice and monitor minor changes in order to make sound decisions when devising a plan of action. The trainer focuses on:
-- Decision-making
-- Recognizing patterns (situational awareness)
-- Observing minor, yet critical details
-- Recognizing typicality and detecting anomalies
-- Improvising responses
-- Interpreting and adapting to events
-- Prioritizing actions
Observing and monitoring individuals, identifying and responding to potential threats, different types of patrolling and loss prevention should be discussed.

Basic Elements of Security
Outline
Security guards are required to manage individuals, vehicles and materials in a safe and polite manner while assessing a situation for threats and incidents. The trainer addresses the following basic elements of security:
1. Access control
-- How to escort people within and between locations in a safe manner
-- How to prepare for an assignment
-- Contacting the correct personnel when there is a breach of security
-- How to inspect baggage, vehicles, etc. for illegal substances
2. Crowd control
-- How to create a barricade or staging area
-- How to lock down a facility
3. Vehicle control
-- Controlling vehicular/pedestrian traffic on company property or on public roads in emergencies
-- Monitoring traffic movements
-- Using proper hand signals for directing traffic
-- Using traffic control equipment
-- Wearing the appropriate attire
4. Shift handover procedures
-- How to update the next person on shift

Drug Effects
Outline
Security guards may encounter individuals under the influence of drugs or alcohol. They need to be aware of the signs of substance abuse as well as the impact of different drugs on human behaviour (e.g. suspect going through withdrawal) in order to deal with these individuals in a manner that will ensure personal safety as well as that of the suspect. The trainer discusses different types of drugs and paraphernalia, the impact of using different drugs on human behaviour and how to address individual behaviour depending on the type of substance abuse.





Report Writing

Section Overview
Security guards are required to complete written reports of occurrences, duties performed, and comprehensive descriptions of their tasks/observances. The trainer instructs the student how to write reports that are objective and standardized.

Minimum Requirements
1. Discuss the following elements of report writing:
- How to record relevant factual data and circumstances in a notebook
- The different types and purposes of reports
- Recognizing legal implications of reports and confidentiality
- Incorporating who, what, where, when, why and how in report writing
- How to take a statement
- Identifying the appropriate method of communication to report an issue

Outline
Security guards are required to write a variety of reports for different audiences. It is imperative that reports are written in a clear, standardized format to ensure information is conveyed accurately and without bias. The trainer discusses:
- The importance of using a notebook and the rules and format for taking accurate notes
- Different types of reports depending on the situation (e.g. incident, use of force, witness statements)
- The basic elements of report writing (e.g. date, time, location, actions/behaviours, description of individuals, observations, time of completion, etc.)
- Content of reports (e.g. factual information only)
- The legal implications of reports (e.g. necessary for audits or evidence in court)
- The difference between statements and reports
- How to properly distribute reports (e.g. problems with e-mailing confidential reports)





Health and Safety

Section Overview
The policies and procedures of the Occupational Health and Safety Act and the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) are necessary to ensure the occupational safety of security guards and those they interact with. The trainer identifies how to control workplace risks and hazards, how to apply appropriate responses to emergency situations and how to communicate workplace safety requirements.

Minimum Requirements
1. Outline the Occupational Health and Safety Act
2. Outline the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)
Outline
The trainer provides a brief introduction to the Occupational Health and Safety Act and Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS). Security guards need to know and understand how the Occupational Health and Safety Act and WHMIS apply to themselves and to others. The trainer should also cover the right to refuse unsafe work.





Emergency Response Preparation

Section Overview
Security guards are expected to respond to emergency situations and to minimize the impact caused at a worksite. They may be required to perform a variety of duties during emergency procedures and must understand the importance of scene management. The trainer will address the potential roles of a security guard during an emergency situation and how to effectively complete these tasks.

Minimum Requirements
1. Identify the following criteria of a potential emergency:
-- Risk factors
-- Fire emergencies
-- Bomb emergencies
-- Weapon emergencies
-- Suspicious packages
-- Explosive devices
2. Describe the following emergency response procedures:
-- Explain fire emergency response procedures
-- Explain bomb emergency response procedures
-- Explain weapon emergency response procedures
-- Explain suspicious package emergency response procedures
-- Explain explosive device emergency response procedures
3. Explain the potential roles of a security guard in emergency situations
4. Detail how to implement duty of care
-- Describe legal requirements
-- Detail how to protect and secure a crime scene

Note: There are four components in this section: Emergency Situations, Emergency Response Procedures, Potential Roles of a Security Guard During an Emergency and Duty of Care.

Emergency Situation
Outline
Security guards may encounter emergency situations at a worksite. They will need to accurately identify the risk factors associated with fire threats, bomb threats, weapon emergencies, suspicious packages, and explosive devices and learn how to respond appropriately. The trainer outlines the different risk factors a security guard must be familiar with and how to protect individuals and property associated with an assignment (i.e. contain, activate, and evacuate). In addition to emergency responses, the trainer includes an overview of the basic principles of prevention and safety.

Emergency Response Procedures
Outline
Security guards must be comfortable when responding to emergency situations, familiar with different emergency procedures and must coordinate these procedures with organizational requirements and/or other personnel. Understanding the need for emergency response procedures and following the emergency response plan for a given site is vital to the security guard role. The trainer provides instruction on the following:
-- The different emergency response procedures (e.g. First Aid and CPR)
-- Common tools associated with response procedures (e.g. fire extinguisher, sprinkler systems)
-- Determining the safest and most appropriate response to a threat
-- How to preserve evidence
-- Proper evacuation protocol and knowledge of access routes
-- How to control access for emergency services and provide necessary details
-- Site-specific building occupant capacity limits (e.g. Ontario Fire Code and building specific regulations with respect to occupancy)

Potential Roles of a Security Guard During an Emergency
Outline
Security guards may be required to fulfill different roles during an emergency situation. They may have to assist other personnel (including police, fire, and ambulance) or take the lead in responding to the emergency. Security guards must be able to work alongside other personnel and quickly and accurately understand their role in a given situation. They must recognize when an emergency is beyond the scope of their job specifications and requires additional assistance. The trainer provides an overview of the relationships in the security industry, including a matrix with job titles, descriptions, responsibilities and the link between them to help security guards understand when a situation is beyond their scope and who to contact in specific emergency situations.

Duty of Care
Outline
Security guards need to be familiar with the concept of duty of care (what a reasonable person should do in a particular situation) and be capable of securing and protecting a crime scene until the appropriate personnel arrive. The trainer reviews the circumstances that require duty of care and instructs how to secure and protect a crime scene or sentinel event scene.





Canadian Legal System

Section Overview
Security guards work within the Canadian Legal System. They need to be familiar with the Criminal Court System, the Ontario Evidence Act, the Canada Evidence Act and how these apply to their positions to ensure the information they obtain is admissible in court. The trainer outlines the difference between criminal, provincial and municipal law as well as case and civil law, the hierarchy of the court system and offences and the requirements for the admissibility of evidence.

Minimum Requirements
1. Discuss the Canadian Criminal Court System
-- Outline the Canadian Criminal Court System, the hierarchy of the court system and court protocols/procedures
-- Describe the protocols and procedures for the purpose of giving evidence
2. Explain commonly accepted approaches to the collection, preservation and presentation of evidence including the handling and sealing of audio/visual materials
3. Explain relevant sections of the Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act that pertain to admissible evidence
4. Discuss municipal by-laws

Note: There are three components in this section: Canadian Criminal Court System, Evidence Handling Techniques and Municipal By-laws.

The Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act do not specify how evidence is collected, but identify which types of evidence are admissible to the court. The trainer should concentrate on what is considered evidence and which methods a security guard can use to ensure it remains admissible. Security guards are only expected to know the municipal by-laws that relate to their role and where to find this information if it is not readily available on their premises.

Canadian Criminal Court System
Outline
Security guards may be required to prepare for legal proceedings, present evidence, prepare themselves and/or witnesses for testimony and follow up on the outcome of court proceedings. Security guards need a general understanding that all investigations should be conducted as if the case could potentially go to trial and therefore handle themselves accordingly to ensure that no procedural or administrative mistakes are made. The trainer covers the skills and knowledge required to present evidence in a judicial environment.

Evidence Handling Techniques
Outline
Security guards protect evidence that may be used in court. The trainer will explain how to collect, preserve, and present admissible evidence in court while preventing the evidence from becoming contaminated. Concepts will include an introduction to the process and protocols for handling evidence, including:
-- The proper procedures for collecting and handling audio/video materials
-- The six core steps for containing evidence:
-- Collect
-- Secure
-- Preserve
-- Identify
-- Continuity
-- Log

Municipal By-Laws
Outline
Security guards are required to work within the municipal by-laws of their specific location. They need to be familiar with the common by-laws they will encounter in their position (e.g. noise bylaws, occupancy limits, etc.) and where they can locate this information. The trainer focuses on creating awareness that different municipal by-laws exist and need to be considered. It should be noted that the student may obtain/require further training on by-laws relevant to his/her specific position and that the by-laws addressed in this section are the most common to the private security sector.





Legal Authorities

Section Overview
The trainer focuses on the broader legal context of private security to instruct the student on his/her rights and limitations when performing duties as a security guard. The trainer will also explain where a security guard derives his/her authority to carry out job functions.

Minimum Requirements
1. List procedures for handling, storing, disseminating and destroying information of a personal nature
2. Address the relevant sections of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) regarding the protection of personal information
3. Outline the relevant sections of the following legislation:
- Employment Standards Act, 2000
- Labour Relations Act, 1995
- Liquor Licence Act
- Provincial Offences Act
- Residential Tenancies Act, 2006
- Trespass to Property Act
4. Provide the following information with respect to the Criminal Code of Canada:
- Explain the difference between indictable, summary and criminal offences and a security guard’s authority to arrest (e.g. citizen’s arrest) - List the most common offences encountered by security guards
- Review the sections of the code regarding defense of property and defense of persons
- Explain criminal harassment, mischief, assault, theft, causing disturbances, breaking and entering and possession of stolen property under the code 5. Explain the common elements of tort law in security situations

Note: There are four components in this section: Handling Information and PIPEDA, Additional Legislation, Criminal Code of Canada and Tort Law. Security guards are only expected to be aware of this legislation as it pertains to their roles. The primary focus should be on best practices with respect to acquiring information to resolve security issues in the context of relevant legislation.

Handling Information and PIPEDA
Outline
Security guards frequently deal with the collection, storage, dissemination and destruction of information. The trainer discusses the procedures and regulations with respect to managing information and explains how to keep information secure while ensuring that it is maintained in a manner consistent with PIPEDA.

Additional Legislation
Outline
Security guards can encounter situations where they need to be familiar with the following legislation:
- Employment Standards Act, 2000
- Labour Relations Act, 1999
- Liquor Licence Act
- Provincial Offences Act
- Residential Tenancies Act, 1996
- Trespass to Property Act
The trainer provides a brief introduction to the relevant sections to each act, addresses the risks and dangers associated with private security and describes how each act can impact the safety and effectiveness on site. Issues of liability should be discussed to ensure the student understands how to complete his/her duties within lawful authority. The trainer also addresses whose authority a security guard is acting on (acting as agent of the property owner) and differences in private versus public property.

Criminal Code of Canada
Outline
Security guards may encounter situations in which they need to deal with indictable, summary, or criminal offences. They need to be able to accurately identify and categorize offences when on duty and understand how to perform a citizen’s arrest according to the Criminal Code of Canada. The trainer introduces the code within the context of liability, duty of care and lawful authority. Defense of property and defense of persons should also be discussed.

Tort Law
Outline
Security guards must ensure that they are completing their job within their lawful authority. The trainer explains the common elements of tort law in security situations.





Effective Communications

Section Overview
Security guards encounter a wide range of situations and are required to act professionally under all circumstances. The trainer reviews the interpersonal and communication skills necessary to adapt to different environments/scenarios and to diffuse situations when required. The importance of using communication to one’s advantage should be emphasized.

Minimum Requirements
Communication Skills
1. Discuss the following oral and written communication skills:
- Adjusting a communication style to accommodate an audience or situation
- Using verbal and non-verbal feedback
- Using effective and appropriate language in oral and written communication
- Writing legibly and clearly (e.g. minimal spelling, grammar or typographical errors)
- Effectively communicating main ideas orally and in writing
- Avoiding personal bias/opinion when communicating
- Asking probing questions to obtain information
- Conveying oral information accurately
- Writing accurate reports
2. Explain tactical communication
- Adjusting behaviour/demeanor (e.g. passive vs. aggressive) based on an individual or situation
Interpersonal Skills
3. Discuss the following interpersonal skills:
- Demonstrating sensitivity/empathy to others (e.g. different cultures, persons with disabilities, human rights issues, mental health issues)
- Establishing a rapport with a variety of people for the purpose of building trusting relationships
- Diffusing, avoiding and managing difficult interpersonal relationships and/or potential conflict
- Being assertive yet professional when interacting with the public

Note: There are three components in this section: Communication Skills, Tactical Communication and Interpersonal Skills.

Communication Skills
Outline
Security guards must provide clear and concise information. Their position requires them to communicate with a wide array of individuals both orally and in writing and to obtain information from sources that may be unwilling. The trainer addresses active listening, effective writing and note taking.

Tactical Communication
Outline
Security guards may need to utilize tactical communication during the course of their assignments. They must maintain their composure and adjust their behaviour to suit the individual and situation. The trainer explains the principles of tactical communication (both verbal and non-verbal, including posture, tone, assertiveness, spatial distance, eye contact, facial expressions) and de-escalation techniques with progressive intervention steps.

Interpersonal Skills
Outline
Security guards often interact with a variety of individuals during the course of their duties. Their conduct is vital to the professional image of the security industry as a whole. The trainer describes proper conduct and deportment, how to adapt quickly to different situations and how to perform duties in a culturally appropriate manner. Security guards should be able to scan for potential problems and act in a preventative way to avoid any escalation of events.





Sensitivity Training

Section Overview
Security guards often interact with the public on a daily basis. It is important they approach individuals with respect to avoid any biases that may impact how they interrelate with others. The trainer addresses prejudices against ethnic backgrounds, persons with mental or physical disabilities and gender and sexual orientation.

Minimum Requirements
Discuss the following issues:
1. Recognizing one’s own biases and describing how these can influence situations
2. Recognizing the impact of mental, physical, cultural and sexual differences on situational dynamics

Outline
Security guards may be required to interact with diverse groups of individuals on a regular basis. The trainer introduces the concept of respect for differences, identifies potential issues that may arise when dealing with a variety of people (e.g. communication difficulties, misinterpretation of gestures) and how to approach individuals in a way that minimizes miscommunication.





Use of Force Theory

Section Overview
Security guards may be required to use force during certain situations. The trainer explains use of force theory, the components of the use of force model and how to maintain composure during potentially stressful situations. Students need to attend specialized training to learn how to use defensive equipment and to apply use of force options.

Minimum Requirements
1. Explain the authority to use force under the Criminal Code of Canada
- Discuss the use of force model and its framework components
- Explain how to choose an appropriate use of force component and justify an action
2. Discuss how to act under stress and maintain composure
3. Explain positional asphyxia and excited delirium

Outline
The trainer explains use of force theory based on the National Use of Force Model (modified for security guards) and outlines Section 25 of the Criminal Code of Canada. Security guards can be put in situations where they need to maintain their professional composure even when under a high level of stress. The trainer will also address how to control a situation by asking questions, dealing with difficult customers/clients/suspects, managing stress when isolated or fatigued and personal health issues such as overall stress levels, stress factors, cleanliness, nutrition, lifestyle and fitness. Positional asphyxia and excited delirium should also be discussed.





Emergency Level First Aid

Section Overview
First aid training and certification is a requirement of the basic training program for security guards. An accredited trainer provides instruction that is equivalent to the St. John Ambulance course Emergency Level First Aid.

Minimum Requirements
1. The following topics must be covered:
- Emergency Scene Management
- Shock, Unconsciousness and Fainting
- Choking – Adult
- Severe Bleeding
- One Rescuer CPR – Adult.
2. Training must be delivered by:
- A St. John Ambulance certified instructor, or
- A Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (Ontario) approved first aid trainer







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Introduction to the Private Investigation Industry

Section Overview
The trainer provides an overview of the principal duties and responsibilities necessary to work effectively in the private investigation industry. The student is introduced to job roles and responsibilities and the different fields of private investigative work.

Minimum Requirements
1. Describe and compare the different jobs in the security industry (e.g. private investigation, law enforcement, security services, loss prevention, and patrol services)

2. Explain the occupational tasks and requirements of a private investigator
- Describe the position of a private investigator with respect to the knowledge, skills and abilities needed to perform well
- Explain the job specifications, activities and demands of a private investigator (e.g., travel, stress, risks, dangers, etc.)

3. Detail the various types of investigations and different specializations of private investigators (e.g. general, legal, insurance, corporate, etc.)

Outline
The trainer provides the student with a background on the private investigation industry including the new standardization and regulation of the field. S/he introduces the student to the challenges and benefits of becoming a private investigator.





The Private Security and Investigative Services Act

Section Overview
The Private Security and Investigative Services Act, 2005 (PSISA) regulates the private investigation industry. As such, private investigators must be familiar with the PSISA to ensure they follow the regulations and prohibitions. The trainer introduces the legislation to the student by outlining all relevant components.

Minimum Requirements
1. Private Security and Investigative Services Act, 2005 (PSISA)
- Explain an individual's responsibility regarding licensing, including the licensing process and mandatory requirements
- Describe the general duties, standards, practices, regulations and prohibitions
- Explain the requirement to produce a licence

2. Code of Conduct
- Introduce the regulation and the consequences of failing to comply
- Define complaint procedures

Outline
This section introduces the student to his/her responsibilities as a private investigator under the PSISA. The trainer provides instruction on all the relevant requirements of the PSISA, the consequences for non-compliance and public complaint procedures. The authority to conduct investigations and surveillance should also be discussed.





Provincial and Federal Statutes

Section Overview
The student is introduced to the various statutes that apply to the field of private investigation in Ontario. The trainer addresses how criminal, civil, case and common law vary and explains the difference between provincial and federal statutes. It should be noted that the student may obtain/require further training on statutes that are relevant to his/her specific position and that the legislation addressed in this section is the most common to the private investigation sector.
Minimum Requirements
1. Discuss the relevant sections of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA), and the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (MFIPPA) that apply to the handling of information and the ability to access government information

2. Introduce the Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act in relation to the admissibility/inadmissibility of evidence and who is eligible to give evidence

3. Outline the relevant sections of the following legislation:
- Employment Standards Act, 2000
- Occupational Health and Safety Act
- Labour Relations Act, 1995
- Provincial Offences Act
- Residential Tenancies Act, 2006
- Trespass to Property Act

Note: This section has three components: Handling Information and PIPEDA / FIPPA / MFIPPA, Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act and Additional Legislation. Private investigators are only expected to be aware of this legislation as it pertains to their roles. The primary focus should be on best practices with respect to acquiring information in the context of relevant legislation.

Handling Information and PIPEDA / FIPPA / MFIPPA
Outline
Private investigators frequently deal with the collection, storage, dissemination and destruction of highly sensitive information. The trainer explains the procedures and regulations with respect to accessing and managing this kind of information. The student should learn how to obtain government information according to the freedom of information laws that regulate the different levels of government.

Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act
Outline
Private investigators will be called upon to present evidence in court. The trainer outlines the relevant sections of the Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act, explaining how these statutes apply to the role of a private investigator. The student must learn the importance of documenting and preserving evidence and understand evidentiary concerns (e.g. acquiring pertinent information or when to stop an investigation). Note: The Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act do not specify how evidence is collected, but identify which types of evidence are admissible to the court. The trainer should concentrate on what is considered evidence and which methods a private investigator can use to ensure it remains admissible. The application of the Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act in relation to the processing and managing of admissible evidence will be addressed in Section 5: Investigative Techniques.

Additional Legislation
Outline
Private investigators can encounter situations where they need to be familiar with additional legislation, especially when undercover. The trainer provides a brief introduction to the relevant sections to each of the following legislation:
- Employment Standards Act, 2000
- Occupational Health and Safety Act
- Labour Relations Act, 1995
- Provincial Offences Act
- Residential Tenancies Act, 2006
- Trespass to Property Act

The trainer addresses the risks and dangers associated with private investigation and describes how each act can impact the safety and effectiveness of conducting investigations. Issues of liability should be discussed to ensure the student understands how to complete an investigation within lawful authority.





Criminal and Civil Law

Section Overview
Private investigators are expected to work in accordance with a wide range of criminal and civil legislative and procedural requirements while balancing their own organizational requirements. The trainer outlines the key legal and procedural principles of criminal and civil law as it applies to private investigation.

Minimum Requirements
Level of Authority

1. Explain the authority to arrest under the Criminal Code of Canada
- Describe the difference between a citizen’s authority to arrest and a police officer’s
- Detail what a private investigator would have to present to the police to have an arrest made

2. Discuss the different criminal offences
- Explain what constitutes an indictable offence under the Criminal Code of Canada
- Explain what constitutes an offence punishable on summary conviction under the Criminal Code of Canada
- Explain the concept of private information in relation to a private investigator charging an individual with an offence

3. Outline the Canadian Criminal Court System
- Discuss the Canadian Criminal Court System, hierarchy of the court system and court protocols/procedures
- Explain court protocols and procedures for the purpose of giving evidence

4. Describe what constitutes intimidation under the Criminal Code of Canada and the effects of intimidation and stalking when conducting surveillance

5. Explain the common elements of tort law and address libel, slander and perjury

Note: This section has five components: Criminal Code of Canada, Criminal Offences, Canadian Criminal Court System, Intimidation and Tort Law, Libel, Slander and Perjury.

Criminal Code of Canada
Outline
The trainer provides an overview of the Criminal Code of Canada, including a breakdown of the different parts and a segment on how to read law. Section 2 of the code should be addressed with particular reference to the definition of a peace officer and a public officer. The student must also be instructed on Section 494 and how to perform a citizen’s arrest.

Criminal Offences
Outline
Private investigators may encounter situations involving indictable or summary offences under the Criminal Code of Canada. They need to be able to accurately identify and categorize these offences when on duty. The trainer provides an introduction to the different types of offences and the common offences that must be known to make a citizen’s arrest.

Canadian Criminal Court System
Outline
environment. Private investigators may be required to prepare for legal proceedings, present evidence and follow up on the outcomes. Every investigation should be conducted as if the case could potentially go to trial and procedural and administrative requirements should be completed with the utmost care. The trainer discusses the different levels of the court system including how to prepare for trial/court, how to prepare for testimony, how to share the results of an investigation or evidence and how to prepare witnesses for court.

Intimidation
Outline
Private investigators may be put in situations where intimidation, as defined by the Criminal Code of Canada, occurs. They must be able to recognize when intimidation is being used against them and how they can become involved in intimidation and/or stalking when conducting surveillance. The trainer explains the consequences of breaching the Criminal Code of Canada and how intimidation and stalking may impact the admissibility of evidence. Section 423 of the code is discussed.

Tort Law, Libel, Slander and Perjury
Outline
Private investigators must ensure that they are completing their job within their lawful authority. The trainer explains the common/relevant elements of tort law, libel, slander and perjury that are required to investigate the facts of a case appropriately.





Investigative Techniques

Section Overview
Private investigators often encounter a multitude of different situations on a regular basis. They need to have a thorough knowledge of research techniques, surveillance techniques, interviewing techniques, industry specific equipment and how to collect and preserve evidence. It is also imperative that private investigators understand how to take proper and complete notes. The trainer details the techniques and skills required to conduct investigations.

Minimum Requirements
1. Explain commonly accepted approaches for the following:
- Collecting, preserving and presenting evidence
- Storing, disseminating and destroying information of a personal nature
- Handling and sealing audio/visual materials

2. List the relevant sections of the Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act that pertain to admissible evidence

3. Describe the sequential steps of an investigation and different investigative methods

4. Explain the following research techniques:
- How to access public/proprietary sources of information (e.g. industry-related databases)
- How to access industry-specific information
- The basic techniques used to gather information on people, places or things

5. Describe the different types of surveillance and address the following surveillance techniques:
- Observing the physical environment
- Attending to environmental details
- Situational awareness
- Identifying unusual behaviour/situations/activities
- Maintaining awareness/vigilance of surroundings
- Choosing an optimal location for surveillance
- Drawing on knowledge and experience to focus observations
- Recording appropriate/relevant details and ensuring accuracy of information
- Consistently re-evaluating the situation

6. Explain standard interview techniques and discuss the following:
- How to conduct an interview in an arrest situation and in a non-arrest situation

7. Provide instruction on the proper use of industry related equipment
8. Provide instruction on how to write a report

Note: This section has eight components: Handling and Sealing Audio/Video Materials, Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act, Conducting Investigations, Research Techniques, Principles of Surveillance, Interview Techniques, Using Industry Related Equipment and Report Writing.

Handling and Sealing Audio/Video Materials
Outline
Private investigators often need to handle and seal audio and video materials from investigations. The trainer outlines the proper hands-on procedures for dealing with these materials to ensure their admissibility in court. Concepts will include an introduction to the process and protocols for handling evidence, including:
- Collecting, preserving and presenting evidence
- Inventory control and evidence chain of custody
- The six core steps for containing evidence:
- Collect
- Secure
- Preserve
- Identify
- Continuity
- Log

Storing, disseminating and destroying information of a personal nature should be addressed.

Ontario Evidence Act and Canada Evidence Act
Outline
Private investigators protect evidence and appear in court as witnesses. The trainer instructs the student how to collect, preserve, and present admissible evidence in court while avoiding contaminating the evidence. Reading material from Section 3 should be reviewed and there should be a focus on the six key steps for processing and managing admissible evidence (collect, secure, preserve, identify, continuity and log).

Conducting Investigations
Outline
The primary responsibility of a private investigator is to conduct investigations and it is vital that the student learn the proper techniques to be successful in the occupation. The trainer provides an introduction to the fundamentals of investigation and addresses preliminary, detailed and follow-up investigations. Trainers should refer to the various types of investigations (e.g. corporate espionage, workplace theft, insurance fraud, etc.) while discussing techniques.

Research Techniques
Outline
Private investigators must be capable of conducting research to assist their investigations. The trainer explains fundamental research techniques including how to conduct a full background/due diligence check and how to cross-reference. Available sources of information and research tools should be discussed (e.g. internet, databases, archival data, etc.).

Principles of Surveillance
Outline
Private investigators must be capable of conducting surveillance and are required to understand the legislation governing criminal harassment and intimidation as these offences relate to surveillance operations. Reading material from Section 4 should be reviewed and the following fundamentals of surveillance should be introduced:
- Methods of surveillance
- Overt/covert
- Mobile/stationary
- Surveillance techniques
- Strategic positioning - distance, pacing, location
- Preparation work - content of vehicle, site surveillance/scouting, scheduling, etc.
- Cross-reference note taking, surveillance data, and reports (matching process)
- Best practices
- Situational awareness guidelines for assessing, recognizing and recalling investigations

Interview Techniques
Outline
Private investigators are required to interview individuals in order to obtain information for their assignments. The trainer provides an introduction to fundamental interview techniques and addresses the following:
- The difference between interviewing and interrogating
- Different types of interviews
- Narrative versus cognitive interviews
- Civil versus criminal interviews
- Note taking procedures
- The protocols for statement taking and the law in relation to statements
- Utilizing other resources (statement analysis, profiling)
- Communication theory
- How to assess the credibility, reliability and suitability of a witness

Using Industry Related Equipment
Outline
The trainer discusses how to select and operate necessary occupational equipment for different situations. The student is introduced to the basic technical knowledge needed to efficiently use the equipment and routine maintenance should be addressed. The following tools are discussed:
- Tape recorder
- Video camera - overt/covert
- Camera
- Dictation recorder
- Day/night goggles
- Binoculars
- Tripod

Report Writing
Outline
Private investigators regularly complete written reports of occurrences, duties performed and comprehensive descriptions of their tasks/observances. They need to create reports that are objective and standardized. The student is introduced to different types of situational reports (e.g. legal or insurance) as well as basic report writing protocols such as: date, time, location, actions/behaviours, description of individuals, observations, time of completion, etc. In addition, the trainer explains the legal implications of reports (e.g. for auditing or evidence purposes).







Principles of Ethical Reasoning/Decision-Making

Section Overview
Private investigators are required to make quick decisions in a variety of situations and must utilize good judgment. They need to recognize and appropriately handle ethical dilemmas relating to diversity, cultural differences and contemporary social problems. The trainer discusses the PSISA Code of Conduct and the concept of duty of care.

Minimum Requirements
1. Discuss relevant components of the Code of Conduct and explain the meaning of duty of care

2. Outline the following principles of decision-making:
- Recognizing differences between relevant/irrelevant facts and details
- Making sound and defensible decisions supported by facts and research
- Making appropriate judgments suited to the time-frame, risks and facts of the case and potential hazards/dangers in the situation
- Prioritizing situations/decisions/tasks
- Drawing on legislation and laws to make decisions
- Preparing next logical steps required for a task/job
- Determining who should/should not have access to sensitive or confidential information/locations/people (PIPEDA)
- Recognizing ethical dilemmas
- Recognizing issues relating to diversity, cultural differences and contemporary social problems (e.g. stereotyping and discrimination)

Note: There are two components in this section: Code of Conduct and Duty of Care and Decision-Making.

Code of Conduct and Duty of Care
Outline
Private investigators need to be familiar with the Code of Conduct and the concept of duty of care, which outlines what a reasonable person should do in a particular situation. The trainer reviews the circumstances that require duty of care.

Decision-Making
Outline
Private investigators are required to make quick and ethical decisions and need to deal with issues of discrimination and prejudice in an unbiased manner. The trainer provides the student with an introduction to ethical reasoning and decision-making and addresses the following:
- The theory of ethical reasoning and decision-making
- Recognizing patterns (situational awareness)
- Recognizing typicality and detecting anomalies
- The effects and consequences of discrimination, prejudice and stereotyping Issues such as impartiality, conflict of interest, entrapment and other scenarios that require effective decision-making should be discussed.





Key Principles of Communication and Interaction

Section Overview
Private investigators encounter a wide range of situations and are required to act professionally under all circumstances. The trainer reviews the interpersonal and communication skills necessary to adapt to different environments/scenarios and to diffuse situations when required. The importance of using communication to one’s advantage should be emphasized.

Minimum Requirements
Communication Skills

1. Discuss the following oral and written communication skills:
- Adjusting a communication style to accommodate an audience or situation
- Using verbal and non-verbal feedback
- Using effective and appropriate language in oral and written communication
- Writing legibly and clearly (e.g. minimal spelling, grammar or typographical errors)
- Effectively communicating main ideas orally and in writing
- Avoiding personal bias/opinion when communicating
- Asking probing questions to obtain information
- Conveying oral information accurately

2. Explain tactical communication
- Adjusting behaviour/demeanor (e.g. passive vs. aggressive) based on an individual or situation

Interpersonal Skills

3. Discuss the following interpersonal skills:
- Demonstrating sensitivity/empathy to others (e.g. different cultures, persons with disabilities, human rights issues, mental health issues)
- Establishing a rapport with a variety of people for the purpose of building trusting relationships
- Diffusing, avoiding and managing difficult interpersonal relationships and/or potential conflict
- Being assertive yet professional when interacting with the public

Note: There are three components in this section: Communication Skills, Tactical Communication, and Interpersonal Skills.

Communication Skills
Outline
Private Investigators must provide clear and concise information. Their position requires them to communicate with a wide array of individuals both orally and in writing and to obtain information from sources that may be unwilling. The trainer addresses active listening, effective writing techniques and note taking.

Tactical Communication
Outline
Private Investigators may need to utilize tactical communication during the course of their assignments. They must maintain their composure and adjust their behaviour to suit the individual and situation. The trainer explains the principles of tactical communication (both verbal and non-verbal, including posture, tone, assertiveness, spatial distance, eye contact, facial expressions) and de-escalation techniques with progressive intervention steps.

Interpersonal Skills
Outline
Private Investigators often interact with a variety of individuals during the course of their duties. Their conduct is vital to the professional image of the security industry as a whole. The trainer describes proper conduct and deportment, how to adapt quickly to different situations and how to perform duties in a culturally appropriate manner. Private Investigators should be able to scan for potential problems and act in a preventative way to avoid any escalation of events.





Self-Management Skills

Section Overview
The trainer discusses the skills and knowledge required to work individually and as part of a team. Private investigators must be able to assess their own roles and responsibilities within a larger team framework, use acquired interpersonal skills to build positive relationships and comply with legislative and procedural requirements to complete tasks within designated timeframes.

Minimum Requirements
1. Discuss how to act under stress while maintaining professional composure

2. Address the following time management skills:
- Multitasking in a quick and efficient manner
- Completing tasks within allotted timeframes
- Prioritizing time to complete tasks safely and effectively
- Arriving to assignments on time

3. Discuss the ability to work independently and in a team and address the following:
- Working well with others to accomplish mutual objectives
- Understanding conditions/situations that are best accomplished by working in a team
- Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of team members, drawing on talents and compensating accordingly

4. Explain flexibility/adaptability requirements in the workplace:
- Being prepared for any type of investigation
- Ability to modify actions, appearance or image to changing circumstances and environment
- Adjusting to demands and changes in schedule, location, work environments, weather, and priorities
- Adjusting to clients’ needs, preferences, and requirements
- Working in physically or personally uncomfortable environments
- Creating distinct and convincing presences/personae across different assignments

Note: There are four components in this section: Acting Under Stress, Time Management, Working Independently and in a Team and Adaptability.

Acting Under Stress
Outline
Private investigators can encounter high-stress situations and must maintain their professional composure. The trainer will explain what to do if exposed when conducting surveillance, how to control situations by asking questions and when one should identify oneself. The trainer will also address how to manage stress when dealing with isolation, driving, and fatigue.

Time Management
Outline
Private investigators work under stringent timelines. The trainer discusses how to prioritize multiple tasks at once including how to properly manage cases, time, different types of reports and dealing with shift work.

Working Independently and in a Team
Outline
Private investigators may be assigned to situations where they need to work in isolation or within a team. They need to be able to work under a variety of circumstances and be able to understand the different working styles of colleagues (e.g. two person surveillance, inter-agency cooperation).

Adaptability
Outline
Private investigators can encounter a multitude of situations and must adjust to changes quickly while maintaining their composure. The trainer will discuss how to prepare for a variety of situations and how to adjust to work environment and demands (e.g. sitting for long periods, in stairwells, confined environments, etc.).





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